FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

                 WHAT IS COMPUTER ?

  •  In order to call anything as a computer, it should contain two important components namingly :
      *Processor(CPU)
      *Random Access Memory(RAM)
  • Usually all digital systems, contains important circulatory known as clock circuits, whose rate is represented in hertz.However, one should not take wrongly the clock rate as the speed of the computer.     
  • The real speed of computer very much depends on its constituent parts.
  • Million Instructions Per Second(MIPS) and Floating Point Operations Per Second(FLOPS) are the methods to measuring raw speed of the computer's processor.
  • In order to find out the real computing speed of a computer,we run variety of computationally intensive programs such as Matrix multiplication program, Past four year transformation program, Weather prediction program etc...
  • We explicitly count the number of operations involved while running  a program along with how much time it takes.
  • The number of operations / measured time gives the speed of the computer while running the program. Weighted averages of such a speeds of that mentioned programs is taken as the speed of the computer.Entire this process is called as 'Benchmarking'.
  • RAM is called as volatile memory.
  • It means whatever we store in the RAM is available as long as power supply is available for it.Once we remove power, we lose its contents.
  • RAM is a semiconductor memory.RAM contains trillions of elementary memory devices known as Flip-Flops.
    * BITS AND BYTES:
  • All the computers that are available today stores and manipulates anything in binary fashion.
  • BIT stands for Binary Information UniT or Binary DigIT.
  • A bit is merely 0 or 1.
     for example,
                    197=11000101
  • While storing something in the computer memory, after finding its binary code required number of flip-flops are assigned for that and then in accordance with the binary code and some of the flip-flops set operation is executed (1 is stored) while on other flip-flops clear operation is executed (0 is stored).
  • All the computers that are available today allocates memory in multiples of 8 flip-flops (1 byte)
  • The addition of one or more extra bits to a transmission or storage unit to make it conform to standard size is called as Bit padding.
     for example,
                19=10011
          5 flip-flops are enough to store the above binary code.But    minimum  8 flip-flops are available to store the binary code .In such case the unused portions are filled with 0's.These are called as Padding bits
      Now,    19=0001011  
  • Half a byte is equal to 1 nibble (4 flip-flops)
*LAYMAN'S MEANING OF 1 MB:
  • To store any symbol of english language, we require 1 byte of memory.
      1 A4 sheet,
                                      30*80 symbols=2400 bytes~2 KB
                          1 MB=1024 KB
                         No. of pages=1024 KB/2 KB=512
  • It means that one megabyte (1 MB) can hold 512 pages of text.
                                         

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